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Non-communicable diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality rate in the world (Jimenez Carrillo et al., 2020). It is a big issue in public health and the global community. The World Health Organization reported that 71% of deaths are associated with non-communicable diseases every year. They also estimated the annual number of deaths from non-communicable diseases. Such estimations include 17.9 million deaths annually attributed to cardiovascular diseases, 9 million deaths associated with cancers, about 3.9 million deaths attributed to respiratory diseases, and1.6 million deaths from diabetic diseases (Budreviciute et al., 2020). Estimations have shown that about 42% of death happen before 70 years and mortality rates of more than 48% are associated with non-communicable diseases, in developing nations (Widyahening, 2019). The primary healthcare centres are known for their great assistance in the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases (Tuangratananon et al., 2021). Primary healthcare centres are known as effective platforms for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (Tuangratananon et al., 2021).
Non-communicable diseases are long-term chronic health conditions that cannot be transferred from one person to another (Haque et al., 2020; Vos et al., 2020). Popular non-communicable diseases include cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, and diabetes. These four diseases are the known non-communicable diseases that are responsible for over 82% of the global disease burden (Widyahening, 2019). Non-communicable diseases have been known to have a serious negative impact on society, the economy and public health, because it is lifetime disease that can only be managed (Jimenez Carrillo et al., 2020; Widyahening, 2019). Several nations of the world are striving hard to combat the burden of non-communicable diseases in their health facilities. The risk associated with non-communicable diseases affects human development, life expectancy, education, and per capita income (Haque et al., 2020; Vos et al., 2020). Factors associated with non-communicable diseases include physiological, genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors (Budreviciute et al., 2020). Other factors include, globalization, urbanization, demographic transition and lifestyle changes are known to be the causal factors to the development and high prevalence of non-communicable diseases (Widyahening, 2019) To help prevent, manage, and manage these diseases, requires serious and qualitative health care presently and the future. Hence it is important for the primary health care centres, which are known for their proximity and accessibility to the community, to ensure community participation, to help prevent non-communicable diseases (Jimenez Carrillo et al., 2020; Widyahening, 2019).
During the Alma-Ata declaration in 1978, Primary Health Care was established as a way to achieve quality health systems in different nations (Xiong et al., 2022). Then in 2018, Astana Global Conference on Primary Health Care pronounced Primary Health Care as the best approach to effectively and efficiently reach the health goal of achieving health for all, as mentioned in United Nations Sustainable and Developmental Goals (Xiong et al., 2022; Murray et al., 2020). The Primary health care centres are closer to the people, and it is noted globally as one of the backgrounds to achieve health system responsible for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (Xiong et al., 2022).
The Primary healthcare centres should endeavour to engage in activities that will enable them to prevent non-communicable diseases, in developing countries. One of the roles of Primary healthcare is to help reduce behavioural lifestyle factors that predispose one to noncommunicable diseases. Such factors include tobacco use, physical inactivity, poor diet, and alcohol usage (increased intake of alcohol beverages) (Ajisegiri et al., 2021; Widyahening, 2019). To achieve the goal of reducing behavioural lifestyle factors, it requires primary healthcare centres to establish interventions and strategies that will involve the members of the community (Widyahening, 2019). Since the Primary healthcare centres are at the first point of contact by the community, they should ensure that they deliver necessary prevention intervention and care to help reduce the disease burden of non-communicable diseases. According to Widyahening (2019), the primary health care centres are expected to show and give primary care to prevent non-communicable diseases, such as comprehensive, coordinated, continuous, integrated, and accessible care. This will help tackle and reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, this study aims to determine the role of Primary Health Care Centres in preventing non-communicable diseases in a developing country.
The issue of non-communicable disease is a worldwide problem. Non-communicable diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality rate in the world (Jimenez Carrillo et al., 2020). The World Health Organization reported that 71% of deaths are associated with non-communicable diseases every year. They also estimated the annual number of deaths from non-communicable diseases. Such estimations include 17.9 million deaths annually attributed to cardiovascular diseases, 9 million deaths associated with cancers, about 3.9 million deaths attributed to respiratory diseases, whereas diabetes disease had about 1.6 million deaths (Budreviciute et al., 2020). The primary healthcare centres have been known for their great assistance in the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases. Primary healthcare centres are known as effective platforms for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (Tuangratananon et al., 2021). Primary Health Care has been pronounced as the best approach to effectively and efficiently achieving health for all. It is important to study the role of primary health care in preventing non-communicable diseases.
This study is very important because it has been reported that about 42% of death happen before 70 years, and mortality rates of more than 48% are associated with non-communicable diseases, in developing nations (Widyahening, 2019). Studies have shown that the role of Primary healthcare can be useful in preventing non-communicable diseases. (Ajisegiri et al., 2021; Widyahening, 2019). Therefore, it is vital to determine the roles and strategies used by primary healthcare centres in preventing the ever-increasing non-communicable diseases. This study will identify the intervention strategies, quality of health care delivery and the health promotion utilized by primary health centres to prevent non-communicable diseases.
This will be a cross-sectional study among community based primary healthcare centres in a developing country. A pretested structured questionnaire will be used to collect all relevant information using simple random sampling.
Collected data from the questionnaire will be entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval will be used to assess statistically significant variables (p<0.05).
The risk assessment conducted for this project is provided in the table below:
Table 1: Risk assessment
Risk
Impact
Mitigation Plan
Inability to meet the deadline
Low
Get an extension from the supervisor in due time
Inability to get required process inputs, skill, and manpower
Moderate
Refer to municipalities and research institutes for help
Inability to properly develop the process set up
High
Refer to your supervisor for help
Insufficient data
Refer to journals and textbooks for help
Table 2: Project Plan
Task Name
Start Date
End Date
Duration (Days)
Initial Research
15/01/2022
29/01/2022
14
Proposal
06/02/2022
21
Introduction Chapter
18/03/2022
23/03/2022
5
Literature Review Chapter
20/04/2022
24
Methodology Chapter
02/05/2022
12
Presentation 1
02/07/2022
10/07/2022
8
Analysis
24/07/2022
Evaluation of Gotten Results
01/08/2022
7
Discussion Chapter
11/08/2022
10
Evaluation Chapter
16/08/2022
Conclusion Chapter
18/08/2022
2
Project Management Chapter
20/08/2022
Abstract and Report compilation
22/08/2022
Report Proofreading
01/09/2022
Presentation 2
11/09/2022
Ajisegiri, W. S., Abimbola, S., Tesema, A. G., Odusanya, O. O., Ojji, D. B., Peiris, D., & Joshi, R. (2021). Aligning policymaking in decentralized health systems: Evaluation of strategies to prevent and control non-communicable diseases in Nigeria. PLOS Global Public Health, 1(11), e0000050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000050
Budreviciute, A., Damiati, S., Sabir, D. K., Onder, K., Schuller-Goetzburg, P., Plakys, G., Katileviciute, A., Khoja, S., & Kodzius, R. (2020). Management and Prevention Strategies for Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Their Risk Factors. In Frontiers in Public Health (Vol. 8). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.574111
Haque, M., Islam, T., Rahman, N. A. A., McKimm, J., Abdullah, A., & Dhingra, S. (2020). Strengthening primary healthcare services to help prevent and control long-term (Chronic) non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. In Risk Management and Healthcare Policy (Vol. 13, pp. 409–426). Dove Medical Press Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S239074
Jimenez Carrillo, M., León Garciá, M., Vidal, N., Bermúdez, K., & de Vos, P. (2020). Comprehensive primary health care and non-communicable diseases management: A case study of El Salvador. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-1140-x
Murray, C.J., Abbafati, C. & Abbas, K.M. (2020) Five insights from the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet North Am Ed. 396(10258):1135–1159.
Tuangratananon, T., Julchoo, S., Phaiyarom, M., Panichkriangkrai, W., Pudpong, N., Patcharanarumol, W., & Tangcharoensathien, V. (2021). Healthcare providers' perspectives on integrating NCDs into primary healthcare in Thailand: a mixed-method study. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00791-1
Vos, T., Lim, S.S. & Abbafati, C. (2020) Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990−2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet North Am Ed. 396(10258):1204–1222.
Widyahening, I. S. (2019). The Role of Primary Health Care in the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases. Review of Primary Care Practice and Education (Kajian Praktik Dan Pendidikan Layanan Primer), 2(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.22146/rpcpe.44464
Xiong, S. Cai, C. Jiang, W., Ye, P. Ma, Y., Liu, H. Li, B., Zhang, X., Wei, T. Sun, H., Hone, T. Peiris, D., Mao, L. & Tian, M. (2022) Primary health care system responses to non-communicable disease prevention and control: A scoping review of national policies in Mainland China since the 2009 health reform. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific 00: 100390
Last updated: Feb 11, 2022 10:33 AM
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